communist sites

www.communistleague.us

B.R.C.S   List



Vasily Bazhenov (1738–1799) Savva Chevakinsky (1709 – between 1774 and 1780) Matvei Kazakov (1738–1812) Alexander Kokorinov (1725–1772) Ivan Sergei Kuznetsov (1867–1942) Andrey Kvasov (1720 – after 1770) Konstantin Melnikov (1890–1974) Ivan Fyodorovich Michurin (1700–1763) Alfred Alexandrovich Parland (1842–1920) Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700–1771) Carlo Rossi (architect) (1775–1849) Andrei Stackenschneider (1802–1865) Apollon Feodosievich Shchedrin (1796-1847) Aleksey Shchusev (1873–1949) Vasily Stasov (1769–1848) Ivan Starov (1745–1808) Vladimir Tatlin (1885–1953) Konstantin Thon (1794–1881) Dmitry Ukhtomsky (1719–1774) Andrey Voronikhin (1759–1814) Yury Velten (1730–1801) Postnik Yakovlev (1524–1612) Mikhail Zemtsov (1688–1743) 


Artists 

A-M Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900) painter (of Armenian descent) Fedor Alekseev (1753–1824), landscape painter Nikolay Andreyev (1873–1932), sculptor, graphic artist and stage designer Mikhail Anikushin (1917–1997), sculptor Aleksei Antropov (1716–1795) painter Fedor Leontyevich Argunov (1716-1754), Russian painter Ivan Petrovich Argunov (1729–1802) painter Boris Artzybasheff (1899–1965) painter Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva (1858–1884), painter Sergei Bongart (1918–1985) Ksenia Boguslavskaya (1892–1972), painter Vladimir Borovikovsky (1757–1825) painter Alexandre Benois (1870–1960), seminal influence on modern design Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin, illustrator Karl Briullov (1799–1852), painter Feodor Bruni (1801–1875) painter Marc Chagall (1887–1985), painter Pavel Chistyakov (1832–1919), painter, Russian teacher Carl-Ludwig Christinek (1732–1792) Dionisy, medieval icon-painter Aleksandra Ekster (1882–1949), painter, one of the founders of Art Deco Robert Falk (1886–1958), painter Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920), jewellery designer Pavel Fedotov (1815–1852) painter Nikolai Ge (1831–1894) painter Nina Genke-Meller avant-garde artist (suprematist) Feofan Grek, medieval icon-painter Alexej Harlamoff (1842–1922) painter Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov (1806–1858) painter Anton Ivanov-Goluboy (1818–1863) painter Anton Ivanov (1818–1864) painter Alexej von Jawlensky (1864–1941) painter Nikolai Kasatkin (1859–1930) painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), first abstract painter Ivan Khrutsky (1810–1885) painter Orest Kiprensky (1782–1836) painter Andrei Kolkoutine (born 1957) Pyotr Konchalovsky painter Konstantin Korovin (1861–1932) painter Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi (1837–1887), painter and the art critic Nikifor Krylov (1802–1831) painter Arkhip Kuindzhi (1842–1910) painter Alexander V. Kuprin (1880–1960), Spencer Resnick(1994-), painter Nikolai Dmitrievich Kuznetsov (1850–1929) painter Igor Kufayev (1966 - ) artist, painter Mikhail Larionov (1881–1964) painter Aristarkh Lentulov (1882–1943) painter Isaac Levitan (1860–1900), landscape painter Dmitry Levitzky (1735–1822), portrait painter Ernst Lipgart (1847–1932) painter Anton Losenko (1737–1773) painter Kazimir Malevich (1878–1935), suprematist painter, Black square Konstantin Makovsky (1839–1915) painter Ilya Mashkov (1881–1944) painter Vadym Meller (1884–1962) painter (constructivist),theatrical designer Vera Mukhina (1889–1953), sculptress Grigoriis Musikiysky (1670–1740) 


N-Z Dmitri Nalbandian Kremlin's painter of Armenian descent Ivan Nikitin (1690–1742) painter Alexander Nikulin (1878–1945), painter Leonid Pasternak (1862–1945), painter Vasily Perov (1834–1882) painter Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1878–1939), painter Vasily Polenov (1844–1927), landscape painter Serge Poliakoff (1900–1969), painter Liubov Popova (1889–1924), cubist, abstract painter Prokhor, medieval icon-painter Charles Radoff (1894–1986), painter Ilya Repin (1844–1930), painter Aleksandr Rodchenko (1891–1956), designer, constructivist painter Konstantin Rodko (1908–1995), naïve painter Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947), painter Svetoslav Roerich (1904–1993), painter Fyodor Rokotov (1736–1809), portrait painter Andrei Rublev (c. 1360 – 1430), medieval icon-painter Andrei Ryabushkin (1861–1904), historical subjects Konstantin Savitsky (1844–1905) painter Alexei Kondratyevich Savrasov (1830–1897) painter Silvestr Feodosievich Shchedrin (1791–1830) painter Zinaida Serebriakova (1884–1967), painter of female nudes Valentin Serov (1865–1911) painter Ivan Shishkin (1832–1898) painter Fedor Slavyansky (1817–1876) painter Boris Smirnov-Rusetsky (1905–1993) painter Konstantin Somov (1869–1939) illustrator Grigory Soroka (1823–1864) painter Vasily Surikov (1848–1916) painter Pavel Tchelitchew (1898–1957) painter Vladimir Tatlin (1885–1953), painter and architect. Count Feodor Tolstoy (1783–1873) painter Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (1776–1857) painter Grigory Ugryumov (1764-1823) Russian painter Simon Ushakov (1626–1686), painter Vasiliy Yermilov avant-garde artist(costructivist) Feodor Vasilyev (1850–1873) painter Konstantin Vasiliev (1942–1976), painter Apollinary Vasnetsov (1856–1933), painter Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926), painter Alexey Venetsianov (1780–1847) painter Vasily Vereshchagin (1842–1904), war artist Ivan Vishnyakov (1699–1761), painter Mikhail Vrubel (1856–1910) painter Marianne von Werefkin (1860–1938) painter Alexandr Zhdanov (1938–2006) painter and sculptor Anna Zinkovsky (1972) fantasy painter 


Authors See also List of Russian authors, which lists authors who wrote in Russian language.



 A-E Chinghiz Aitmatov, author Anna Akhmatova, poet Bella Akhmadulina, poet Konstantin Aksakov Sergei Aksakov, author Boris Akunin (born 1956), author, essayist, translator, literary critic Mark Aldanov novelist Genrich Altov, science fiction writer Vasily Aksyonov, author Daniil Andreyev, Roza Mira Leonid Andreyev, The Seven Who Were Hanged Innokenty Annensky, poet Mikhail Artsybashev, author Arkady Timofeevich Averchenko, satirist Gennadiy Aygi (1934–2006), author, translator Isaac Babel (1894–1940), author Eduard Bagritsky, poet Mikhail Bakhtin, philosopher Konstantin Bal'mont, poet Evgeny Baratynsky, poet Ivan Barkov, poet, diplomat and translator Konstantin Batyushkov, poet Pavel Bazhov, fair tales author, The Malachite Casket Aleksandr Bek (1903–1972), author Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848), writer, literary critic and philosopher Andrey Bely (1880–1934), poet and author, Petersburg Alexander Belyayev (1884–1942), science fiction author Olga Berggolts, poet Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891) "The Secret Doctrine", "Isis Unveiled" Aleksandr Blok, poet Alexander Bogdanov, writer, philosopher, politician, Red Star Osip Maximovich Brik Joseph Brodsky, poet and esseyist, Nobel Prize laureat Valery Bryusov (1873–1924), poet Vladimir Bukovsky (born 1942), writer and dissident Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940), playwright and author, Master and Margarita Kir Bulychev (1934–2003), science fiction author Ivan Bunin (1870–1953), first Russian Nobel Prize Winner Vasil Bykov Anton Chekhov (1860–1904),short stories author and playwright, The Cherry Orchard, Three Sisters, The Seagull Nikolai Chernyshevsky (1828–1889), writer, journalist, politician Sasha Cherny (1880–1932), poet Korney Chukovsky Vladimir Dal Denis Davydov Gavrila Derzhavin Nikolay Dobrolyubov Yuri Dombrovsky, author Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881), Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment Sergei Dovlatov Ivan Efremov, science fiction writer and geologist Venedikt Erofeev, Moscow-Petushki Viktor Erofeev Yevgeny Yevtushenko, poet 


F-R Alexander Fadeyev (1901–1956), author, Molodaya gvardiya, Chapayev Konstantin Fedin Afanasy Fet Denis Fonvizin Arkady Gaydar (1904–1941) Vladimir Gilyarovsky Nikolay Gnedich Sergei Gorodetsky Alexander Gorodnitsky Zinaida Gippius Anatoly Gladilin Fedor Nikolaevich Glinka Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852), author, Dead Souls, Revizor Ivan Goncharov (1812–1891), Oblomov Maxim Gorky (1868–1936), novelist, My Universities Aleksandr Griboyedov (1795–1828), writer, statesman, Woe from Wit Semyon Gudzenko, poet Lev Gumilyov (Lev Gumilev), historian Nikolay Gumilyov, poet Boris Grebenshchikov, a musician, a band Aquarium Dmitry Grigorovich Alexandr Grin, novelist, Alye Parusa Igor Guberman, humorist Alexander Herzen Ilya Ilf Fazil Iskander (born 1929), novelist Vyacheslav Ivanov Dmitri Kantemir Nikolai Karamzin (1766–1826), poet, author, historian Lev Kassil Valentin Katayev Veniamin Kaverin Daniil Kharms Velimir Khlebnikov Vladislav Khodasevich, Gavrila Derghavin Mikhail Koltsov, journalist and satirist Lev Kopelev Vladimir Korolenko Peter Borisovich Kozlovski (1783–1840), diplomat and man of letters Vladislav Krapivin Ivan Krylov Aleksandr Kuprin, Poedinok/ Duel Lazar Lagin, Hottabych Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov (1823–1900), socialist and revolutionist Leonid Leonov Mikhail Lermontov (1814–1841), poet, author and painter Nikolai Leskov (1831–1895), storyteller, novelist, and journalist, Levsha Eduard Limonov, Edichka Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), linguistic reformer Osip Mandelstam, poet Alexandra Marinina Vladimir Mayakovsky Apollon Maykov Dmitriy Merezhkovsky, playwriter Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977), wrote first in Russian, then in English, author of Lolita Semen Nadson, poet Vladimir Narbut, poet Alexandr Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821–1878), poet, journalist and editor Viktor Nekrasov (1911–1988), writer Nikolay Nosov, Neznaika Vladimir Obruchev, Plutonia Vladimir Odoevsky Nikolai Ogaryov (1813–1877) Yuri Olesha, Tri tolstyaka Alexandr Ostrovsky, playwriter Nikolai Ostrovsky, Kak Zakalylas Stal Boris Pasternak (1890–1960), was not permitted by USSR to accept the Nobel Prize, Doctor Zhivago Konstantin Paustovsky Viktor Pelevin (born 1962), novelist, Omon Ra, Chapaev i Pustota Yakov Perelman Evgeny Petrov Boris Pilnyak Dmitri Pisarev Aleksey Pisemsky Andrei Platonov, author, Kotlovan, Chelengur Yakov Polonsky Boris Polevoy Nikolay Pomyalovsky, Ocherki Bursy Mikhail Prishvin Kozma Prutkov, a pen name Aleksandr Pushkin (1799–1837), the greatest Russian poet, novelist, Evgenij Onegin Alexander Radishchev (1749–1802), social critic Xavier (Charles) Basil Radoff (1894–1986) Ayn Rand (1905–1982), American novelist Valentin Rasputin Irina Ratushinskaya Aleksei Remizov Helena Roerich (1879–1949) K.R., Konstantin Romanov, Silver Age poet Viktor Rozov 


S-Z Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826–1889), novelist Benedikt Sarnov, literary critic, social and political commentator Boris Savinkov, writer and terrorist Ilya Selvinsky (1899–1968) Alexander Serafimovich Igor Severyanin, poet Varlam Shalamov (1907–1982), author of tales about Gulag Mikhail Shishkin Mikhail Sholokhov Vasily Shukshin, Kalina Krasnaya Konstantin Simonov Andrei Sinyavsky Boris Slutsky, poet Fyodor Sologub Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008), Nobel Prize for Literature Vladimir Sorokin Ivan N. Smirnov Ivan Smirnov, guitarist Boris and Arkady Strugatsky Aleksandr Petrovich Sumarokov Alexandr Sukhovo-Kobylin Viktor Suvorov, writer and spy Nadezhda Teffi, humorist Vladimir Tendryakov Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy Knyaz Serebrynyj Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoi Aelita Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) War and Peace, Anna Karenina Tatyana Tolstaya Vasily Trediakovsky Yury Trifonov, Dom na Naberezhnoi/ House on the Embankment Leon Trotsky Marina Tsvetaeva Ivan Turgenev Aleksandr Tvardovsky Fyodor Tyutchev Yury Tynyanov Lyudmila Ulitskaya Eduard Uspensky Boris Vasilyev, A zori zdes tikhie Alexander M. Volkov Maximilian Voloshin Vladimir Voinovich Mikhail Veller Nicholas Yermakov Pyotr Yershov Sergei Yesenin Yevgeny Yevtushenko Nikolay Zabolotsky Yevgeny Zamyatin (1884–1937), author of We Iuliia Zhádovskaia Vasily Zhukovsky Mikhail Zoshchenko 


Movie directors 

A-M Fyodor Bondarchuk Sergei Bondarchuk Yevgeni Bauer Grigori Chukhrai Pavel Chukhrai Georgi Daneliya Alexander Dovzhenko Sergei Eisenstein Leonid Gaidai Andrei Konchalovsky Edmond Keosayan (of Armenian descent) Fjodor Khitruk Elem Klimov Grigori Kozintsev Lev Kuleshov Pavel Lungin Nikita Mikhalkov 


P-Z Sergei Parajanov (of Armenian descent) Aleksandr Petrov Yakov Protazanov Aleksandr Ptushko Vsevolod Pudovkin Mikhail Romm Eldar Ryazanov Karen Shakhnazarov (of Armenian descent) Larisa Shepitko Vasily Shukshin Alexander Sokurov Ladislas Starevich Andrei Tarkovsky Dziga Vertov , James williamson.


Musicians and Composers 

A-O Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov, composer Achilles Alferaki (1846–1919), composer Alexander Alyabyev, composer Anton Arensky, composer Boris Asafiev, composer Mily Balakirev, composer Boris Berezovsky, pianist Dima Bilan (born 1981), singer Alexander Borodin (1833–1887), composer Sergei Bortkiewicz, composer Dmytro Bortniansky, composer Valeri Brainin (born 1948), composer, musical scientist Tatyana Bulanova (born 1969), singer Fyodor Chaliapin (1873–1938), opera singer, bass César Cui (1835–1918) Alexander Dargomyzhsky, composer Edison Denisov, composer Nikolai Demidenko, composer Valery Gergiev (born 1953), pianist, conductor Emil Gilels (1916–1985), pianist Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936), composer Artem Ivanov (born 1986), singer Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857), composer of Russlan and Ludmilla Alexander Goedicke, composer Evgeny Golubev, composer Nikolai Golovanov (1891–1953), conductor Alexander Gretchaninoff, composer Vladimir Horowitz (1903–1989), pianist Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov Dmitry Kabalevsky (1904–1987) Vasily Kalinnikov Nikolai Kapustin Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978) Armenian worldwide famous composer Grigori Korchmar Evgeni Kostitsyn (born 1963), composer, pianist, and conductor Lena Katina (born 1984), singer Tikhon Khrennikov (born 1913), composer Kyril Kondrashin (1914–1981), conductor Leonid Kogan (1924–1982), violinist Anatoly Konstantinovich Lyadov, composer Sergei Lyapunov, composer Nikolai Medtner (1880–1951), composer, pianist Vyacheslav Mescherin (died 1995), Synthesizer music composer, audio engineer Viktoria Mullova (born 1959), violinist Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), composer of Boris Godunov, Pictures at an Exhibition Origa (born 1970), singer, performs theme songs for various anime series Yuri Antonov (born 1945), composer, singer 


P-Z Nikolai Myaskovsky (1881–1950), composer Aleksandra Pakhmutova (born 1929), composer Nikolai Petrov (born 1943), composer Mikhail Pletnev (born 1957), composer Gregor Piatigorsky (1903–1976), composer Valery Polekh (1918–1992), composer, hornist Alla Pugacheva (born 1949), singer and composer Vadim Repin (born 1971), composer, violinist Mstislav Rostropovich (born 1927), cellist Gennady Rozhdestvensky (born 1931), composer Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953), composer Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943) Sergey Lazarev (born 1983), vocalist Sviatoslav Richter (1915–1997), pianist Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), composer Mstislav Rostropovich (born 1927), cellist and conductor Nikolai Rubinstein (1835–1881), pianist, conductor and composer Vasily Ilyich Safonov (1852–1918), composer and music educator Alfred Schnittke (1934–1998), composer Alexander Scriabin (1871–1915), composer and pianist Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975), composer Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), composer Vadim Salmanov (1912–1978), composer Vasilii Sarenko (1814–1881), composer Alexander Serov (1820–1871), composer Rodion Shchedrin (born 1932), composer Vissarion Shebalin (1902–1963), composer Nicolas Slonimsky (1894–1995), composer Georgy Sviridov (1915–1998), composer Andrei Sychra (1881–1956), composer Aleksandr Taneyev (1881–1956), composer Sergey Taneyev (1856–1915), composer Mikael Tariverdiev (1893–1986), composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840–1893), composer Boris Tchaikovsky (1881–1956), composer Alexander Tcherepnin (1899–1977), composer Vera Timanova (1855-1942), pianist Viktor Tsoy (1962–1990), poet, composer, musician, actor (one of the figures who defined the era of 80's) Serafim Tulikov (1913–2004), composer Galina Ustvolskaya (1919–2006), composer Yulia Volkova (born 1985), singer Arcadi Volodos (born 1972), pianist Ivan Vïshnegradsky (1881–1956), composer Alexander Zhiroff - cellist 


Performing Arts 

Theatre Directors Anatoly Efros Yury Lyubimov Leonid Varpakhovsky Konstantin Stanislavski Michael Chekhov Yevgeny Vakhtangov (of Armenian origin) 


Performers Vera Alentova (born 1942), actress Mikhail Baryshnikov (born 1948), ballet dancer Sergei Bodrov, filmmaker Sergei Bodrov Jr. (1971–2002), actor Sergei Bondarchuk (1920–1994), film director Boris Brunov (1922–1997), actor Yul Brynner, actor Dmitry Chaplin dancer So You Think You Can Dance Season 2 Sergei Diaghilev (1872–1929), ballet impresario Michel Fokine (1880–1942), choreographer, dancer Leonid Filatov, actor Milla Jovovich, actress, model, and musician Elizaveta Gerdt (1891–1975), ballerina Pavel Gerdt (1844–1917), danseur Vera Karalli (1889–1972), ballerina and actress Tamara Karsavina (1885–1978), ballerina Lila Kedrova (1918–2000), actress Mathilde Kschessinska (1872–1971), prima ballerina assoluta Lydia Lopokova (1892–1971), ballerina Nikita Mikhalkov (born 1945), filmmaker and politician Solomon Mikhoels, Soviet-Yiddish actor Vaslav Fomich Nijinsky (1890–1950), ballet dancer, choreographer Ivan Novikoff (1899–2002), ballet master Rudolf Nureyev (1938–1993), ballet dancer Lubov Orlova (1902–1975), actress Anna Pavlova (1882–1931), ballerina Maya Plisetskaya (born 1925), ballerina Olga Preobrajenska (1871–1962), ballerina Alexander Ptushko (1900–1973), animation & film director Stanislav Savich dancer So You Think You Can Dance Season 2 Roupen Simonov actor in Vakhtankov theatre (of Armenian origin) Yuri Soloviev (1940–1977), ballet dancer Konstantin Stanislavsky (1868–1938), actor Natalie Wood (1938–1981), actress Galina Ulanova (1910–1988), ballerina Agrippina Vaganova (1879–1951), ballet teacher Vera Volkova (1904–1975), ballerina 


Poets (who wrote much of their poetry in the Russian language, see List of Russian language poets)



 Cosmonauts 

A-N Yuri Artyukhin (1930–1998) Julia Anoshechkina Pavel Belyayev (1925–1970) Georgi Beregovoi (1921–1995) Valery Bykovsky Lev Demin (1926–1998) Georgi Dobrovolski (1928–1971) Vladimir Dzhanibekov Konstantin Feoktistov Anatoli Filipchenko Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), first human in space Viktor Gorbatko Georgi Grechko Aleksei Gubarev Alexandr Kaleri Yevgeny Khrunov (1933–2000) Pyotr Klimuk Vladimir Komarov (1927–1967) Sergei Krikalyov, the person who accumulated most time in space (803 days) Valeri Kubasov Vasili Lazarev (1929–1990) Valentin Lebedev Aleksei Leonov, first person to walk in space Oleg Makarov (1933–2003) Andrian Nikolayev (1929–2004) 


P-Z Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971) Valeri Polyakov, the person who accumulated most time in space in a single spaceflight (437 days) Pavel Popovich Nikolai Rukavishnikov (1932–2002) Valeri Ryumin Gennadi Sarafanov (1942–2005) Svetlana Savitskaya, second woman in space Vladimir Shatalov Georgi Shonin (1935–1997) Valentina Tereshkova (born 1937), first woman in space Gherman Titov (1935–2000) Vladislav Volkov (1935–1971) Boris Volynov Boris Yegorov(1937–1994) Aleksei Yeliseyev Vitali Zholobov 

Explorers Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, the Russian officer who discovered Antarctica Vitus Bering (1681–1741), explorer of north-western and south-western Alaska Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c. 1605 – 1673), explorer of north-eastern Asia Ivan Fedorov, explorer of north-western Alaska Gerasim Izmailov, explorer of Alaska Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov, explorer of Mongolia and Tibet Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the first Russian to circumnavigate the world Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai (1846–1888), anthropologist who lived among the natives of Papua New Guinea Afanasiy Nikitin, the first European who documented his visit to India Nikolai Przhevalsky (1839–1888), explorer of central and eastern Asia Nikolai Alekseevich Severtzov (1827–1885) Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel (1796–1870), explorer of Arctica 


Inventors Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (born 1930), physicist Oleg Antonov(1906–1984) airplane designer Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922–2001), laser inventor, Nobel Prize for Physics 1964, together with Alexandr Prokhorov Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1947), weapons designer Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov (1775–1839), mining engineer and inventor horse-railway Leonid Gobyato (1875–1915), Russian general, inventor of the modern Mortar (weapon) Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin (1894–1977), aircraft constructor Nikolai Kibalchich (1853–1881) Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966), rocket engineer and designer, Father of the space program Gleb Yevgeniyevich Kotelnikov (1872–1944), inventor of the knapsack parachute. Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (1735–1818), mechanic Semyon Lavochkin (1900–1960), aircraft designer Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin (1847–1923), electrical engineer and inventor Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan (1905–1970), aircraft designer of Armenian descent Constantin Perskyi engineer, invented word "television" Alexander Popov (1859–1906), Russia's Marconi, a developer of radio Alexandr Prokhorov (1916–2002), physicist, Nobel Prize for Physics 1964, born in Queensland, Australia Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii (1863–1944), father of colour photography Boris Rosing (1869–1933) Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), helicopter and aircraft designer Nikolai Rynin (1887–1942) engineer Pavel Sukhoi (1895–1975), aircraft constructor and designer Leon Theremin (1896–1993), inventor of one of the first electronic musical instruments, the Theremin Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), rocket scientist and pioneer of astronautics Andrey Tupolev (1888–1972), aircraft designer and builder Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov (c. 1720 – 1758), inventor of the Russian porcelain Pavel Yablochkov, electrical engineer, inventor of Yablochkov candle Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky Vladimir Zworykin (1889–1982) pioneer of TV technology 


Scientists and Scholars 

A-C Alexei Abrikosov, physicist, Nobel Prize recipient Tatyana Alexeyevna Afanasyeva, mathematician Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian, Armenian astronomer and astrophysicist Delibash Boris Apostolovich, worked on the Sputnik program. Lev Artsimovich, physicist Ivan Aksakov, philosopher Pavel Sergeevich Alexandrov, mathematician Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Nobel Prize winner Aleksandr Amfiteatrov, historian Dmitri Victorovich Anosov, mathematician Vladimir Arnold, mathematician Vladimir Arnoldi, botanist Mikhail Bakhtin, philosopher and anthropologist Mikhail Bakunin, political philosopher Aleksei Aleksandrovich Balandin, chemist Vasily Bartold, historian, orientalist, sociologist Nikolai P. Barabashov, astronomer Valeri L. Barsukov, chemist Nikolay Nikolayevich Beketov, chemist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, psychologist and neuropathologist Boris Belousov, chemist / biophysicist Lev Semenovich Berg, biologist Nikolai Berdyaev, philosopher Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist Vladimir Bogoraz, anthropologist Dmitri Bondarenko, anthropologist Alexander Borodin, chemist Aleksandr L'vovich Brudno, computer scientist Boris Yakovych Bukreyev, mathematician Leonid Bunimovich, mathematician Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov Nikolai Bugaev, mathematician Pafnuti Chebyshev, mathematician Pavel Cherenkov, physicist, Nobel Prize Aleksei Chichibabin, chemist 


D-J Vladimir Dal, linguist Igor Diakonov, historian and linguist Vasily V. Dokuchaev, the founder of the modern soil science Dimitri Fedorovich Egorov, mathematician Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva, microbiologist Dmitry Aleksandrovich Fadeyev, mathematician Andrey Famitsyn, biologist Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock, physicist Anatoly Timofeevich Fomenko, mathematician, chronologist Valentin Fomine, physicist Sergei Fomin, mathematician Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, physicist, Nobel Prize winner Eugène Gabritschevsky, biologist Vitaly Ginzburg, physicist, Nobel Prize recipient Nikolai Girenko, anthropologist Boris Grakov, archaeologist Leonid Grinin, philosopher Lev Gumilev, geographer and ethnologist Alexander Gurwitsch, biologist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, physicist Vladimir Ipatieff, chemist Dmitri Ivanenko, physicist Vladimir Jochelson, anthropologist 


K-M Pyotr Kafarov, sinologist Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, physicist, discoverer of superfluidity, Nobel Prize in physics Nikolai Kardashev, astrophysicist Kerim Kerimov, engineer Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov, physicist Julii Khariton, physicist Anatoly Khazanov, anthropologist Orest Khvolson, physicist Karl Klaus (1796–1864), chemist, discoverer of ruthenium. Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, mathematician Nikolai Koltsov, famous Russian biologist Sergei Kopeikin, physicist Andrey Korotayev, historian, economist, anthropologist Sofia Kovalevskaya, mathematician Alexander Kovalevsky, embryologist Boris Kozo-Polyansky, biologist Stepan Krasheninnikov Feodosy Krasovsky Aleksandr Semenovich Kronrod, mathematician, computer scientist, economist Nikolay Mitrofanovich Krylov, mathematician and theoretical physicist Mikhail Kryukov, anthropologist Igor Kurchatov, atomic bomb physicist Olga Aleksandrovna Ladyzhenskaya, mathematician Lev Landau, physicist and mathematician, Nobel Prize in physics Georgy Langemak Mikhail Lavrentyev, physicist and mathematician Mikhail Lebedev, neuroscientist Petr Nikolaevich Lebedev, physicist Nikolai Lobachevsky, mathematician Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath Nikolai Nikolaevich Lusin, mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov, mathematician Trofim Lysenko, biologist Dmitri Maksutov Anatoly Maltsev Leonid Mandelshtam, physicist Yuri Ivanovich Manin, mathematician Andrei Markov, mathematician Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, biologist, Nobel Prize in medicine, Martin Reznick, Roy Medvedev, historian Zhores Medvedev Dmitri Mendeleyev, chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements Konstantin Merezhkovsky, biologist, one of the creators of theory of endosymbiosis Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, selectionist Aleksandr Fyodorovich Middendorf, zoologist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, anthropologist Peter Moscovic, known for his work with MRSA, MRi Techniques and sexually transmitted diseases Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky 


N-S Gennadi Nevelskoi, captain and navigator Boris Nikolsky Igor Novikov, theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist Sergei Petrovich Novikov, mathematician Aleksandr Oparin, biologist and biochemist Yuri Orlov, physict, dissident and human rights activist Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky, mathematician, mechanician and physicist Peter D. Ouspensky, polymath Peter Simon Pallas, a German working in Russia zoologist Ivan Pavlov, physician and physiologist Svetlana Pletneva, archeologist Eugene Podkletnov, physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov, physicist Boris Rybakov, historian Viktor Safronov, astronomer Andrei Sakharov, nuclear physicist Viktor Sarianidi, archaeologist Afanasy Shchapov, historian, anthropologist Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, father of Russian physiology Nikolay Semyonov , physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize for Chemistry Nikolai Ivanovich Shakura Iosif Shklovsky, astronomer and astrophysicist Dmitri Skobeltsyn, physisist Sergei Lvovich Sobolev, mathematician Yulian Sokhotski, mathematician Sergei Starostin, linguist Vladimir Steklov, physicist and mathematician Georg Steller, naturalist and ornithologist of German origin. Friedrich Wilhelm Struve (Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), astronomer 


T - Z Igor Tamm, physicist, Nobel Prize Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev, botanist Nikolai V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, biologist Valery Tishkov, anthropologist Mikhail Tsvet, botanist, inventor of chromatography Peter Turchin, biologist and historian Valentin Turchin, cybernetician Nikolay Umov, mathematician Max Vasmer, linguist Nikolai Vavilov, biologist Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, physicist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, geochemist, creator of the Noosphere theory Alexander Vilentin, physicist Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov, mathematician Grigory Volovik, physicist Sergei Winogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist Mikhail Yangel Sabir Yunusov Andrey Zaliznyak, linguist Tatyana Zaslavskaya Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinskiy, chemist Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky, aero- and hydrodynamics. 


Statesmen and military 

Before 1917 

 



A-F Alexei Nikolaevich (1904–1918) Son of Nicholas II Alexis (1629–1676), "Aleksey Mikhaylovich the Quietest" Alexander I (1777–1825), "Alexander the Blessed" Alexander II (1818–1881), "Alexander the Liberator" Alexander III (1845–1894), "Alexander the Peacemaker" Alexandra (1872–1918), Tsarina of Russia Alexius Petrovich (1690–1718) Anastasia (1901–1918), youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II Anna (1693–1740), empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740 Boris Godunov (1551–1605) Catherine I (1683–1727) Catherine II (1729–1796), "Catherine the Great" (More German Ancestry than Russian) Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich (1779–1831), viceroy of Poland who abdicated the Russian throne Elizabeth (1709–1761), daughter of Peter I the Great and Catherine I Fyodor I (1557–1598) Fyodor II (1589–1605) Fyodor III (1661–1682) Patriarch Filaret, father of the first Romanov tsar 


I-Z Ivan III (1440–1505) Ivan IV (1530–1584) Ivan V, joint ruler with Peter I Ivan VI (1740–1764) Maria Nikolayevna Romanova (1899–1918) Marie Fyodorovna Romanova (1847–1928) Michael (1596–1645) Michael II (1878–1918) Nicholas I (1825–1831) Nicholas II (1868–1918) Olga Nikolayevna Romanova (1895–1918) Olga Romanova (1882–1960) Paul I (1754–1801) Peter I (1672–1725) Peter II (1715–1730) Peter III (1728–1762) Tatiana Romanova (1897–1918) Vasily (IV) Shuysky (1552–1612) 


Politicians and diplomats See also List of Russian Foreign Ministers

Alexander Bezborodko (1747–1799) Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1693–1768) Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1688–1760) Zakhar Chernyshev (1722–1784) Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov (1672–1739) Nikolay Karlovich Giers (1820–1885) Vasily Golitsyn (1643–1714) of the Galitzine family Alexander Gorchakov (1798–1883) of the Gorchakov family Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky (c. 1600 – 1682) Peter Borisovich Kozlovski (1783–1840) Boris Ivanovich Kurakin (1676–1727) Aleksey Borisovich Lobanov-Rostovsky (1824–1896) Artamon Matveev (1625–1682) Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (1673–1729) Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov (1879–1940), liberal politician Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky (1809–1881) Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (1605–1680) Andrey Ivanovich Osterman (1686–1747) Nikita Ivanovich Panin (1718–1783) Nikita Petrovich Panin (1770–1837) Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907) Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin (1739–1791) Alexei Grigorevich Razumovsky (1709–1771) Anikita Ivanovich Repnin (1668–1726) of the Repnin family Mikhail Speransky (1772–1839) Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams (1869–1962), liberal politician Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov (1714–1767) Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (1744–1810) Artemy Petrovich Volynsky (1689–1740) 


After 1917 

Heads of state Yuri Andropov (1914–1984), general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982), leader of the Soviet Union for 18 years Konstantin Chernenko (1911–1985), general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Mikhail Gorbachev (born 1931), general secretary of the Communist Party and president of the USSR Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971), general secretary of the communist party of the USSR and head of state Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), Bolshevik party leader and the first Soviet head of state Anastas Mikoyan (1895–1978), Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years. Vladimir Putin (born 1952), president of Russia since 2000 Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007), president of Russia from 1991 to 1999 


Revolution, politics and state figures See List of socialists: Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Communists. See White Russians for opponents of Bolsheviks. 


 A-L Viktor Abakumov, head of the SMERSH counter-intelligence agency (1943–1946) and the MGB secret police (1946-1951) Lavrenty Beria (1899–1953), Soviet chief of secret police under Joseph Stalin Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938), Politburo member (1919-1929), Pravda editor Viktor Chernomyrdin (born 1938), Prime Minister of Russia (1992-1998) Sergey Mikhaylovich Darkin (born 1963), governor of Primorsky Krai Fedor Dan (1871–1949), Menshevik leader Feliks Dzerzhinsky, founder of the Cheka secret police Viktor Grishin (died 1992), Politburo member, head of the Moscow party organization Andrei Gromyko (1908–1989), Soviet foreign minister (1957-1985) and head of state (1985-1988) Lazar Kaganovich, Politburo member (1930–1957), People's Commissar, deputy prime minister Mikhail Kasyanov (born 1957), Prime Minister of Russia from 2000 to 2004 Alexandra Kollontai (1872–1952), revolutionary, diplomat Nikolai Krestinsky, Soviet finance minister and secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee (1919–1921) Yegor Ligachev, second secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee under Mikhail Gorbachev Maxim Litvinov, Soviet foreign minster (1930–1939) 


M-Z Julius Martov, Menshevik leader Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986), Soviet prime minister (1930-1941) and foreign minister (1939-1949 and 1953-1956) George Plekhanov, founder of Russian Marxism Alexei Rykov, Soviet prime minister (1924–1930) Stepan Shahoumian revolutionist and Lenin's friend of Armenian origin Anatoly Sobchak, first post-Soviet mayor of Saint Petersburg Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), Soviet foreign minister (1917-1918) and defense minister (1918-1925), creator of Trotskyism, founder of the Fourth International Irakli Tsereteli, Menshevik leader Andrey Vyshinsky, Soviet Prosecutor General and foreign minister (1949–1953) Genrikh Yagoda, interior minister and head of the Soviet secret police (1934–1936) Nikolai Yezhov, interior minister and head of the Soviet secret police (1936–1938) Gennady Zyuganov (born 1944), head of the Russian Communist Party since 1993 


Military See also List of people associated with World War II: Soviet Union.
See also List of Marshals of the Soviet Union.
See also List of Russian Field Marshals.



 A-N Prince Pyotr Bagration (1765–1812) Semion Cheliuskin (c. 1700 – after 1760), Polar explorer, lieutenant-captain of the Russian Imperial Navy Valery Chkalov (1904–1938), aircraft pilot Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (1900–1982), commanded the Soviet 62nd Army to victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. Lev Dovator (1903–1941), WWII general and Hero of the Soviet Union Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, commander-in-chief during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. Mikhail Kamensky (1738–1809), Catherinian Field Marshal Konstantin Kaufmann (1818–1882), general who conquered the Khanate of Khiva Ivan Kozhedub (1920–1991), WWII fighter pilot, thrice Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Kutuzov Sigismund Levanevsky (1902–1937), aircraft pilot, among the first to receive the title of Hero of the Soviet Union Anatoly Liapidevsky (1908–1983), aircraft pilot, among the first to receive the title of Hero of the Soviet Union Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1848–1904), admiral, explorer Alexander Matrosov, soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov, commander-in-chief during the Crimean War Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich, hero of the Napoleonic wars Pavel Nakhimov (1802–1855), legendary admiral Alexander Ostermann-Tolstoy, hero of the Napoleonic wars 


P-Z Ivan Panfilov (1893–1941), WWII general and Hero of the Soviet Union Ivan Paskevich, conqueror of Warsaw in 1831 Alexander Pokryshkin (1913–1985), WWII fighter pilot, thrice Hero of the Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky, marshal (a Pole) Mikhail Skobelev, "White General" who conquered Central Asia Oskar Victorovich Stark commander of the Port Arthur Squadron of the Imperial Russian fleet in 1904 Aleksandr Suvorov, Generaslissimo who never lost a battle Victor Talalikhin (1918–1941), WWII lieutenant and Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky, marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky, marshal Andrey Vlasov (1900–1946), Red Army general turned Nazi collaborator and the commander of volunteer Russian forces (ROA, "Russian Liberation Army") of the German army during WWII Mikhail Vodopianov (1899–1975), aircraft pilot, among the first to receive the title of Hero of the Soviet Union Kliment Voroshilov (1881–1969), marshal and politician Aleksey Yermolov, hero of Battle of Borodino; military ruler of the Caucasus Vasily Zaytsev, notable Soviet sniper who killed 225 soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and other Axis armies, including 11 enemy snipers during the Battle of Stalingrad. Georgy Zhukov (1896–1974), marshal, chief of general staff of the Red Army and representative of STAVKA, four times Hero of the Soviet Union 


Sport 

Chess Alexander Alekhine Yuri Averbakh Mikhail Chigorin Mikhail Botvinnik Semen Furman Anatoly Karpov Garry Kasparov Alexander Khalifman Victor Korchnoi Alexander Kotov Vladimir Kramnik Grigory Levenfish Alexander Petrov Peter Romanovsky Emmanuel Schiffers Vasily Smyslov Boris Spassky Peter Svidler Mark Taimanov 


Gymnastics Nikolai Andrianov (born 1952), gymnast, world record for men for most Olympic medals Yelena Davydova (born 1961), Olympic gymnast Maria Filatova (born 1961), Olympic gymnast Alina Kabaeva, Olympic gymnast Svetlana Khorkina, Olympic gymnast. *Sofia Muratova (born 1929), Olympic gymnast Alexei Nemov (born 1976), Olympic gymnast Natalia Shaposhnikova (born 1961), Olympic gymnast Yelena Shushunova (born 1969), Olympic gymnast Alexander Tkachyov (born 1957), Olympic gymnast 


Tennis Igor Andreev (born 1983), tennis player Anna Chakvetadze (born 1987), tennis player Andrei Chesnokov (born 1966), tennis player Nikolay Davydenko (born 1981), current world number 5 tennis player. Elena Dementieva (born 1981), current top 10 tennis player. Reached 2 Grand Slam finals in 2004 (French Open and U.S. Open), as well as the 2000 Summer Olympics final. Vera Dushevina (born 1986), tennis player Yevgeny Kafelnikov (born 1974), former world no. 1 tennis player. Maria Kirilenko (born 1987), tennis player Anna Kournikova (born 1981), former top 10 tennis player, celebrity, and model. Evgeny Korolev (born 1988), tennis player Igor Kunitsyn (born 1981), tennis player Svetlana Kuznetsova (born 1985), former world no. 2 and current top 4 tennis player. Won the 2004 U.S. Open. Anastasia Myskina (born 1981), former world no. 2 tennis player. Won the 2004 French Open (becoming the first Russian woman to win a grand slam title). Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (born 1991), tennis player Nadia Petrova (born 1982), former top 3 tennis player. Evgeniya Rodina (born 1989), tennis player Marat Safin (born 1980), former world no. 1 tennis player. Won 2000 U.S. Open and 2005 Australian Open. Dinara Safina (born 1986), 2008 French Open runner-up Maria Sharapova (born 1987), former world no. 1 tennis player. Won 2004 Wimbledon at age of 17 as well as 2006 U.S. Open and 2008 Australian Open. Only Russian woman with more than 1 Grand Slam title and only Russian female to take the spot of world no. 1. Dmitry Tursunov (born 1982), tennis player Mikhail Youzhny (born 1982), tennis player Elena Vesnina (born 1986), tennis player 


Ice hockey Maxim Afinogenov, NHL star Pavel Bure (born 1971), NHL star Sergei Fedorov (born 1969), NHL star Viacheslav Fetisov (born 1958) Nikolai Khabibulin (born 1973), NHL star goalie Valery Kharlamov (1948–1981), Russia's most popular international ice hockey player Vladimir Konstantinov Ilya Kovalchuk, NHL star Vyacheslav Kozlov Oleg Kvasha (born 1978) Igor Larionov Sergei Makarov Evgeni Malkin, a Pittsburgh Penguin star Alexander Ovechkin, NHL star Vladimir Vladimirovich Petrov Alexei Ponikarovsky Vladislav Tretiak (born 1952), goalie Alexander Yakushev (born 1947) Alexie Yashin forward Sergei Zubov Alexei Kovalev from the Montreal Canadiens. Forward. Best 2007 Montreal Canadiens scorer on December 1st of 2007 (before the game) with 12 goals, 10 assists (and so 22 points) Andrei Markov from the Montreal Canadiens. Defenseman. In nomination for the 2007-2008 All Star Game
Sergei Gonchar-Pittsburgh Penguins Defenseman

Darius Kasparaitis, NHL star 


Weightlifting Vasily Alexeev (born 1942), Olympic weightlifter, set 80 World Records Yuri Vlasov, Olympic weightlifter Arkady Vorobyov (born 1924), Olympic weightlifter Leonid Zhabotinsky (born 1938), Olympic weightlifter 


Basketball Andrei Kirilenko (born 1981), NBA basketball player and EuroBasket 2007 champion Aleksey Savrasenko (born 1979), EuroBasket 2007 champion Sergei Monia (born 1983), EuroBasket 2007 champion Viktor Khryapa (born 1982), former NBA basketball player and EuroBasket 2007 champion Nikita Morgunov (born 1975), EuroBasket 2007 champion and 1998 FIBA World Championships silver medalist Jon Robert Holden (born 1976]], 2-time Euroleague champion and EuroBasket 2007 champion 


Football Vladimir Beschastnykh Dmitri Sychev (born 1983) Lev Yashin (1929–1990), football goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev (born 1986) Yuri Zhirkov (born 1983) Dmitri Torbinski (born 1984) Andrei Arshavin (born 1981) Roman Pavlyuchenko (born 1981)


Other Evgeny Abalakov, mountaineer Vitaly Abalakov, mountaineer Inga Artamonova (1936–1966), 4-time world all-around speed skating champion Gennady Bachinsky (1971-2008), radio talk show presenter Yuriy Borzakovskiy Anatoli Boukreev (1958–1997), mountaineer Fedor Emelianenko (born 1976), Heavyweight champion of Pride Fighting Championships Ekaterina Gordeeva (born 1971), figure skater, two-time Olympic pairs champion Sergei Grinkov (1967-1995), figure skater, two-time Olympic pairs champion Yelena Isinbayeva (born 1982), athlete Anastasiya Kapachinskaya (born 1979), athlete Svetlana Kapanina (born 1968), powered aerobatic pilot Alexander Karelin (born 1967), Greco-Roman wrestling, champion Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii , photographer Svetlana Krivelyova (born 1969), athlete Mikhail Mamistov (born 1961), powered and glider aerobatic pilot Natalya Nazarova (born 1979), athlete Evgeny Plushenko (born 1982), figure skater Roho (Boradzov Soslan Feliksovich) (born 1980), Sumo wrestler Nina Romashkova (born 1929), athlete, the first Soviet Olympic Champion Lidia Skoblikova (born 1939), speed skater, most Olympic medals in speed skating Irina Slutskaya (born 1979), figure skater, an incredible athlete and second most successful female figure skater next to Michelle Kwan. Kostya Tszyu (born 1969),Scot Malvin usu agent, Alexei Yagudin (born 1980), figure skater Julia Vlassov (born 1990), figure skater Fedor Emelianenko (born 1976), Heavyweight champion of Pride Fighting Championships Natasha Polevshchikova, Supermodel Natalia Vodianova, Supermodel 



 

 

 

 

 



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